BT9402, Artificial Intelligence

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ASSIGNMENT

PROGRAM	BSc IT
SEMESTER	SIXTH
SUBJECT CODE & NAME	BT9402, Artificial Intelligence
CREDIT	4
BK ID	B1367
MAX.MARKS	60

Note: Answer all questions. Kindly note that answers for 10 marks questions should be approximately of 400 words. Each question is followed by evaluation scheme.

Q1. Define AI. Explain its applications.

Answer : AI (pronounced AYE-EYE) or artificial intelligence is the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. These processes include learning (the acquisition of information and rules for using the information), reasoning (using the rules to reach approximate or definite conclusions), and self-correction. Particular applications of AI include expert systems, speech recognition, and machine vision.

Artificial intelligence has been used in a wide range of fields including medical diagnosis, stock trading, robot control, law, remote sensing, scientific discovery and toys. However, due to the AI effect, many AI applications are not perceived as AI: "A lot of cutting edge AI

Q2 Explain knowledge representations with an example.

Answer: Knowledge representation is defined as a problem to solve or a task to carry out, as well as what constitutes a solution, is only given informally, such as "deliver parcels promptly when they arrive" or "fix whatever is wrong with the electrical system of the house."

The general framework for solving problems by computer is given in Figure 1.4. To solve a problem, the designer of a system must

·         Flesh out the task and determine what constitutes a solution;

·         Represent the problem in a language with which a computer can reason;

·         Use the computer to compute an output, which

Q3 Explain the Inheritance and Reification in semantic networks.

Answer: A semantic network, or frame network, is a network which represents semantic relations between concepts. This is often used as a form of knowledge representation. It is a directed or undirected graph consisting of vertices, which represent concepts, and edges.

Reification is the process by which an abstract idea about a computer program is turned into an explicit data model or other object created in a programming language. A computable/addressable object — a resource — is created in a system as a proxy for a non computable/addressable object. By means of reification, something that was previously implicit

Q4 Explain knowledge base and building a knowledge base.

Answer: In general, a knowledge base is a centralized repository for information: a public library, a database of related information about a particular subject, and whatis.com could all be considered to be examples of knowledge bases. In relation to tnformation technology (IT), a knowledge base is a machine-readable resource for the dissemination of information, generally online or with the capacity to be put online. An integral component of knowledge management systems, a knowledge base is used to optimize information collection, organization, and retrieval for an organization, or for the general public.

A well-organized knowledge base can save an

Q5 Describe the factors affecting learning performance of a system.

Answer: It is important to distinguish between learning (including conditioning) and performance. The phenomena of cognitive maps and of latent learning both demonstrate that something may be learned but not shown until later.

Factors that influence learning: Several factors may affect learning.

·         Learning generally increases with increased amount of practice or training. Practice alone, however, is not enough. Classical conditioning requires an unconditioned stimulus (UCS); operant conditioning requires reinforcement (positive or negative).

·         Within limits, the amount of reward can affect

Q6 Define robotics. State the robotic laws and characteristics

Answer: Robotics is a branch of engineering that involves the conception, design, manufacture, and operation of robots. This field overlaps with electronics, computer science, artificial intelligence, mechatronics, nanotechnology and bioengineering.

Science-fiction author Isaac Asimov is often given credit for being the first person to use the term robotics in a short story composed in the 1940s. In the story, Asimov suggested three principles to guide the behavior of robots and smart machines.

The Three Laws of Robotics (often shortened to The Three

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