Research Methodology

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SUBJECT : Research Methodology

COURSE :                                                                                          Total Marks : 100

1. Compare 'verification principle' of Logical Positivism with 'Falsifiability' of KarlPopper and their relevance in Research Method. {5 Marks}

Answer:Karl Popper is generally regarded as one of the greatest philosophers of science of the 20th century. He was also a social and political philosopher of considerable stature, a self-professed critical-rationalist, a dedicated opponent of all forms of scepticism, conventionalism, and relativism in science and in human affairs generally and a committed advocate and staunch defender of the ‘Open Society’. One of the many remarkable features of Popper's thought is the scope of his intellectual influence: he was lauded by Bertrand Russell, taught ImreLakatos, Paul Feyerabend and the future billionaire investor and philanthropist George Soros at the London School of Economics, numbered David Miller, Joseph Agassi, Alan Musgrave and Jeremy Shearmur

2. Discuss the concept of hypothesis, in the light of 'Falsifiability Criterion' of KarlPopper. { 5 Marks}

Answer:For Popper accordingly, the growth of human knowledge proceeds from our problems and from our attempts to solve them. These attempts involve the formulation of theories which, if they are to explain anomalies which exist with respect to earlier theories, must go beyond existing knowledge and therefore require a leap of the imagination. For this reason, Popper places special emphasis on the role played by the independent creative imagination in the formulation of theory. The centrality and priority of problems in Popper's account of

3. Distinguish between 'Constitutive' and 'Operational' definitions. {5 Marks}

Answer:Constitutive Defines a concept with other concepts and constructs, establishing boundaries for the construct under study and stating the central idea or concept under study.Having power to enact or establish; instituting.In the Kantian philosophy, principles according to which an object of pure intuition can be constructed a priori: opposed to regulative principles (which see, unite regulative).In physical chemistry, it is a term introduced by Ostwald to denote those properties of a compound which depend on the constitution of the molecule, or on the mode of union and arrangement of the atoms in the molecule. A statement of the meaning of the central idea or concept under study, establishing its boundaries; also known as a theoretical, or conceptual,

4. What is a Projective Test? What is the advantage of this test over the other forms oftests? {5 Marks}

Answer: In psychology, a projective test is a type of personality test in which the individual offers responses to ambiguous scenes, words or images. This type of test emerged from the psychoanalytic school of thought, which suggested that people have unconscious thoughts or urges. These projective tests were intended to uncover such unconscious desires that are hidden from conscious awareness.In many projective tests, the participant is shown an ambiguous image and then asked to give the first response that comes to mind. The key to projective tests is the ambiguity of the stimuli. According to the theory behind such tests, clearly defined questions

5. Discuss the purpose of 'Research Design'. {5 Marks}

Answer:A research design is a master plan specifying the methods and procedures for collecting and analyzing the data. It is a strategy or blueprint that plans the action for carrying through the research project data. A research design involves a series of rational decision-making choices depending upon the various options available to the researchers. Broadly it is composed of different elements like: the purpose of the study, the unit of analysis, time dimension, mode of observation, sampling design, observation tools, data processing, and data analysis. Let us look at each one of these elements.

The purposes and criteria for formulating a

6. Distinguish between 'Descriptive Statistics' and 'Inferential Statistics'. {5 Marks}

Answer: Statistical procedures can be divided into two major categories: descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Each of these segments of statistics is important, and accomplishes different objectives. The names of these subfields are descriptive and inferential statistics.

Descriptive Statistics: Descriptive statistics is the type of statistics that probably springs to most people’s minds when they hear the word “statistics.” Here the goal is to describe. Numerical measures are used to tell about features of a set of data.

7. Discuss the theories of Truth and their relevance to Quantitative and QualitativeResearch. { 5 Marks }

Answer: Coherence theory of truth regards truth as coherence within some specified set of sentences, propositions or beliefs. There is no single set of such "logical universes", but rather an assortment of perspectives that are commonly discussed under this title.[citation needed] The model is contrasted with the correspondence theory of truth.  A positive tenet is the idea that truth is a property of whole systems of propositions and can be ascribed to individual propositions only derivatively according to their coherence with the whole. While modern

8. Discuss 'Case Study' method in Qualitative Methodology. { 5 Marks }

Answer:Case study does not claim any particular methods for data collection or data analysis. Any and all methods of gathering data from testing to interviewing can be used in a case study, although certain techniques are used more than others. (Merriam, 1988) This study guide is concerned with qualitative case study research as opposed to quantitative because of two reasons. First, I agree with Merriam (1988) that research focused on discovery, insight and

9. Explain 'Data Reduction' and 'Data Display' in Qualitative Research. { 5 Marks }

Answer:Qualitative research is concerned with nonstatistical methods of inquiry and analysis of social phenomena. It draws on an inductive process in which themes and categories emerge through analysis of data collected by such techniques as interviews, observations, videotapes, and case studies. Samples are usually small and are often purposively selected. Qualitative research uses detailed descriptions from the perspective of the research participants themselves as a means of examining specific issues and problems under study.

Qualitative research differs from quantitative research in that the latter is characterized by the use of large samples, standardized measures, a

10 Discuss the philosophical foundation of Qualitative Methodology. { 5 Marks }

Answer: Although new and still emerging for us, qualitative research approaches have been receiving considerable attention for some time in other disciplines. Along with philosophical debates, there are debates about whether there needs to be a debate. On a philosophical level, there is irreconcilable conflict between the quantitative and qualitative paradigms. It is important to recognize this conflict, avoiding illogical compromise. Yet, proponents of each paradigm need to applaud both the existence of the other and the hybrid paradigms that inevitably are born of conflict. An apt beginning would be broader definitions of what constitutes science and

11.Choose an area of your interest in Research and draft a Research Proposal with Title,Research problems, Hypothesis, Variables, Quantification schemes of variables, ResearchDesign and Analysis plan. ( 20 marks )

Answer: Health research, medical education and clinical practice form the three pillars of modern day medical practice. As one authority rightly put it: ‘Health research is not a luxury, but an essential need that no nation can afford to ignore’. Health research can and should be pursued by a broad range of people. Even if they do not conduct research themselves, they need to grasp the principles of the scientific method to understand the value and

12. Explain different levels of measurement giving appropriate example of each level.{ 5 Marks }

Answer: The level of measurement refers to the relationship among the values that are assigned to the attributes for a variable. What does that mean? Begin with the idea of the variable, in this example "party affiliation." That variable has a number of attributes. Let's assume that in this particular election context the only relevant attributes are "republican", "democrat", and "independent". For purposes of analyzing the results of this variable, we arbitrarily assign the

13. Why is questionnaire still widely used in spite of its limitations? Mention someimportant points to be kept in mind while constructing a questionnaire. (10 marks )

Answer:A Questionnaire is often the heart of a survey operation. If the heart is not properly set up then the whole operation is bound to fail. Thus studying the main objective of the questionnaire is important. There are two main objectives in designing a questionnaire:

1. To maximize the proportion of subjects answering our questionnaire that is, the response rate: To maximize our response rate, we have to consider carefully how we administer the questionnaire, establish rapport, and explain the purpose of the

14. What is validity of a tool? Describe different types of validity .{ 5 Marks }

Answer: Validity is the extent to which a measurement tool measures what it's supposed to measure. Remember your thermometer? It's measuring the room temperature, not your body temperature. Since it's supposed to be measuring your body temperature, the thermometer is not valid.

There are four main types of validity:

·         Face validity is the extent to which a tool appears to measure what it is supposed to measure.When a tool subjectively appears to measure a construct. For example, if we give a survey to people to test how empathetic they are, we might look at the survey and say, 'Yeah, this looks like it measures empathy.'

15. Compare the steps of a qualitative & quantitative research. { 5 Marks }

Answer: There are two categories of research methods: qualitative and quantitative. Quantitative data collection usually involves numbers, graphs and charts, whereas, qualitative data collection methods deals with feelings and other non-quantifiable elements. The most popular qualitative methods of data collection and analysis in business studies are interviews, focus groups, observation, case studies, games and role playing etc.

16. Discuss Interview as a technique of data collection. { 5 Marks }

Answer: Interview is verbal questioning. In research, Lindzey Gardner has defined interview as “a two-person conversation, initiated by the interviewer for the specific purpose of obtaining research-relevant information and focused by him on the content specified by the research objectives of description and explanation”.

Functions of interview:Two major functions of the interview

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