Telecom Management

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Telecom Management

Total Marks: 80

Question. 1. Discuss the evolution of telecommunication. What is simple telephone communication?

Answer:A telephone, or phone, is a telecommunications device that permits two or more users to conduct a conversation when they are too far apart to be heard directly. A telephone converts sound, typically and most efficiently the human voice, into electronic signals suitable for transmission via cables or other transmission media over long distances, and replays such signals simultaneously in audible form to its user.

The history of telecommunication began with the use of smoke signals and drums in Africa, the Americas and parts of Asia. In the 1790s, the first fixed semaphore systems emerged in Europe; however it was not until the 1830s that electrical

Question. 2. Explain the principles of common control and crossbar switching?

Answer:In electronics, a crossbar switch (cross-point switch, matrix switch) is a collection of switches arranged in a matrix configuration. A crossbar switch has multiple input and output lines that form a crossed pattern of interconnecting lines between which a connection may be established by closing a switch located at each intersection, the elements of the matrix. Originally, a crossbar switch consisted literally of crossing metal bars that provided the input and output paths. Later implementations achieved the same switching

Question. 3. Distinguish between basic time division, Space switching and basic time division time switching?

Answer:Space division multiplexing uses spacing to separate channels in a communications link. These separations may be done by frequency, insulation, or distance (spacing). Time division multiplexing is one way of doing the spacing separation.  Space division multiplexing may use other techniques, such as TDM, FDM, etc., to maintain separation so that the conversations do not collide with each other.

Space switching: When we consider Space switching there is a dedicated path (two parallel wires) established between the caller and called subscribers

Question. 4. write short note (Any 2)

a)Centralized SPC and distributed SPC

Answer:Stored program control (SPC) is a telecommunications technology used for telephone exchanges controlled by a computer program stored in the memory of the switching system. SPC was the enabling technology of electronic switching systems (ESS) developed in the Bell System in the 1950s.

b)Three-stage networks

Answer:In the field of telecommunications, a Clos network is a kind of multistage circuit switching network, first formalized by Charles Clos in 1952,[1] which represents a theoretical idealization of practical multi-stage telephone switching systems. Clos networks are required when the physical circuit switching needs to exceed the capacity of the largest feasible single crossbar switch. The key advantage of Clos networks is that the

c)Quantization noise

d) Fiber optic networks

Question. 5. Explain the following concept (Any 2)

                            

a)Network traffic load and parameters

b)Subscriber loop system

Answer:A subscriber loop carrier or subscriber line carrier (SLC) provides telephone exchange-like telephone interface functionality. An SLC remote terminal is typically located in an area with a high density of telephone subscribers, such as a residential neighborhood, that is remote from the telephone company's central office. Two or four T1 circuits (depending on the configuration) connect the SLC remote terminal to the central office terminal (COT), in the case of a universal subscriber loop carrier (USLC). An integrated subscriber loop carrier (ISLC) has its T-spans terminating directly in time division switching equipment in the telephone exchange.

One system serves up to 96 customers. This

c)Switching hierarchy and routing

Answer:

d) Time multiplexed space switching

Answer:The combination of space and time switching is usually referred to as Time Multiplexed Space switching, also known as TMS switching. It is noted that each time-slot may consist of a multiple sequence of bits belonging to the corresponding tributary occupying the said slot. In the special case where each slot consists of a single bit of information, the higher rate channel consisting of a number of such slots is called Bit-Interleaved Time Division Multiplexed channel, and the scheme of multiplexing and switching in space and time a number of such channels is called Bit-Interleaved Time Division Multiplexing. Another definition relates to the so called frame integrity. When the data content of a time-slot within a

Question. 6. What is Motivation for ISDN? Explain the standards and expert Systems in ISDN?

Answer:A long time ago, the entire telephone network was analog. This was bad, because as a voice went farther down the line, and through more switches, the quality became worse and worse as noise crept in. And there was no way to eliminate the noise, no way to know what the signal was supposed to be. Digital encoding promised a way to encode the audio such that you'd know what the signal was supposed to be. As noise crept in, you could eliminate it throught the phone network, assuming it wasn't worse than the variation between different digital encoding levels.

With the transistor revolution, this theory became possible, and the phone companies began converting their own networks over to digital. Today, you have to search pretty hard to find a phone company switch that isn't digital. They call their

Question. 7. What is Differential Coding. Explain Pulse Transmission, Line Coding and Time Division Multiplexing?         

Answer:In digital communications, differential coding is a technique used to provide unambiguous signal reception when using some types of modulation. It makes data to be transmitted to depend not only on the current bit (or symbol), but also on the previous one.  The common types of modulation that require differential coding include phase shift keying and quadrature amplitude modulation.

Pulse-code modulation (PCM) is a method

Question. 8. Explain in the Data Transmission in PSTNs and Discuss Switching Techniques for Data Transmission?

Answer:The public switched telephone network (PSTN) is the aggregate of the world's circuit-switched telephone networks that are operated by national, regional, or local telephony operators, providing infrastructure and services for public telecommunication. The PSTN consists of telephone lines, fiber optic cables, microwave transmission links, cellular networks, communications satellites, and undersea telephone cables, all interconnected by switching centers, thus allowing most telephones to communicate with each other. Originally a network of fixed-line analog telephone systems, the PSTN is now almost entirely digital in its

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